古代社會(huì)中，牛究竟有多“?！?/title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://hhdiz.com//Public/yueyang/css/list_society_con.css?1227"> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> <script>var V_PATH="/";window.onerror=function(){ return true; };</script> </head> <style> .vote{ margin-top:20px; float:right; } .vote i { display: inline-block; width: 30px; height: 30px; background: url("http://hhdiz.com//Public/yueyang/img/vote.png") no-repeat; background-size: contain; margin-right: 10px; vertical-align: middle; } .vote span{ display: inline-block; height: 30px; font-size: 20px; } </style> <body> <h1><a href="http://hhdiz.com/"> 亚洲av无码片一区,永久免费中文字幕,青青草原伊人久久伊人,久久国产亚洲视频</a></h1> <div style="position:fixed;left:-9000px;top:-9000px;"></div> <div id="pl_css_ganrao" style="display: none;"></div><div id="qku5z" class="pl_css_ganrao" style="display: none;"><legend id="qku5z"><output id="qku5z"><menuitem 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page-main-body clearfix"> <h3 class="bread"> <a href="http://hhdiz.com/">岳陽(yáng)網(wǎng)</a> ><a href="http://hhdiz.com///yyw/education/index.shtml">科教</a> ><a href="http://hhdiz.com/yyw/education//tsztc/list.shtml">投訴直通車</a> </h3> <div id="pwa7iixe2" class="main-body-left"> <div style="text-align: left; font-size: 22px; color: grey;margin-bottom: 12px;"></div> <div id="pwa7iixe2" class="society-title" style="margin-bottom: 12px;font-weight: bold; text-align: left; font-size: 36px;">古代社會(huì)中，牛究竟有多“?！?/div> <div style="text-align: left; font-size: 18px; color: grey;"></div> <div id="pwa7iixe2" class="society-details"> <span>時(shí)間：<span id="pwa7iixe2" class="society-punish-time">2021-02-07 15:59:23</span></span> <span>來(lái)源：<span id="pwa7iixe2" class="society-from">中新網(wǎng)</span></span> </div> <div id="pwa7iixe2" class="society-head-image">  </div> <div id="pwa7iixe2" class="society-content"> <p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://99web.803.com.cn/files/Resource/yynews/images/2102/07/1559135455744522.jpg" alt=""/></p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">《五牛圖》(局部) 韓滉(唐)</p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://99web.803.com.cn/files/Resource/yynews/images/2102/07/1559131362338486.jpg" alt=""/></p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">四牛鎏金騎士銅貯貝器（西漢）</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">春節(jié)未到，牛年已至。對(duì)于現(xiàn)代人來(lái)說(shuō)，牛只是一種普通牲畜，但對(duì)于古人來(lái)講，牛遠(yuǎn)比其他牲畜重要。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">在數(shù)千年農(nóng)耕文化中，牛不僅為人們提供耕種勞力，還在占卜、祭祀、軍事、治水、運(yùn)輸乃至民族精神的塑造上起過(guò)巨大的作用。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">文/廣州日?qǐng)?bào)全媒體記者鐘葵</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">圖/廣州日?qǐng)?bào)全媒體記者鐘葵（翻拍）</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">牛能負(fù)重且柔順，“厚德”堪比大地</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">在古人心目中，牛不是普通牲畜，而是有著崇高象征意義和功能十分強(qiáng)大的“神?！薄?/p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">我國(guó)的群經(jīng)之首《易經(jīng)》，以乾、坤二卦象征天地，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)萬(wàn)物。《易經(jīng)》說(shuō)：“地勢(shì)坤，君子以厚德載物?！庇终f(shuō)：“至哉坤元，萬(wàn)物資生。乃順承天，坤厚載物，德合無(wú)疆?！?/p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">牛能負(fù)重且柔順，與坤卦相似，故《說(shuō)卦傳》稱“坤為牛”，直言牛是負(fù)載生養(yǎng)萬(wàn)物的大地即坤卦的象征物，可見(jiàn)牛的“厚德”堪比大地。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">而牛還與道家創(chuàng)始人老子有點(diǎn)關(guān)系。傳說(shuō)老子騎青牛過(guò)函谷關(guān)時(shí)，關(guān)令尹喜命令門吏說(shuō)：“若有一老翁乘青牛板車從東來(lái)，不要讓他過(guò)去?！碑?dāng)天果然見(jiàn)一老翁乘青牛車從東來(lái)，求度關(guān)，此老翁就是老子。正是在函谷關(guān)，老子把五千言的《道德經(jīng)》傳授給尹喜。于是，老子的座駕青牛自然變成了“神?！?。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">中國(guó)文字的創(chuàng)立和發(fā)展，與牛有關(guān)</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">商代先民很迷信，不僅作戰(zhàn)、打獵、祭祀等大事要卜問(wèn)，就連病痛、生子、嫁娶、天氣等事也要卜問(wèn)一下，而用于占卜的主要材料就是龜甲和牛肩胛骨。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">我國(guó)最早的文字，也刻在這些龜甲和牛肩胛骨上，中國(guó)文字的創(chuàng)立和發(fā)展，也與牛有關(guān)。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">為何要用龜甲和牛肩胛骨占卜？可能古人認(rèn)為龜和牛都是有靈性的動(dòng)物吧。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">在古代，“國(guó)之大事，在祀與戎”。祭祀等級(jí)中，第一等級(jí)是“太牢”，第二等級(jí)是“少牢”。所謂“太牢”，就是古代帝王祭祀社稷時(shí)，牛、羊、豕(豬)全備。而“少牢”只用羊和豕，沒(méi)有牛。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">耕地鎮(zhèn)水交通運(yùn)輸打仗都少不了牛</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">除此之外，鎮(zhèn)水要用牛。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">相傳大禹治水時(shí)，每治好一處，就鑄銅牛投入水中，以鎮(zhèn)水患。后來(lái)歷代治水者都效仿大禹，鑄牛鎮(zhèn)水。近年來(lái)，全國(guó)各地發(fā)現(xiàn)了不少銅牛、鐵牛、石牛，這些“牛”有的在水底，有的在古河道兩岸。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">古人為何要用牛鎮(zhèn)水？這是因?yàn)楣湃苏J(rèn)為牛不僅體型大，且與12地支中的丑對(duì)應(yīng)，而丑的五行屬性為土，土能克水，故常用牛鎮(zhèn)水。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">交通運(yùn)輸要用牛。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">《易經(jīng)》說(shuō)：“神農(nóng)氏沒(méi)，黃帝、堯、舜氏作，通其變，使民不倦，神而化之，使民宜之。……服牛乘馬，引重致遠(yuǎn)，以利天下，蓋取諸隨?！币馑际?，神農(nóng)氏衰落后，黃帝、堯、舜興起，搞了很多創(chuàng)造發(fā)明，以方便人們的生產(chǎn)生活，包括馴服牛和馬，發(fā)明牛車和馬車，用于負(fù)重和運(yùn)輸。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">而據(jù)近代學(xué)者研究，牛車是商人的祖先王亥發(fā)明的。此后，牛車一直是不可或缺的交通運(yùn)輸工具。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">打仗也用牛。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">在古代，不僅生產(chǎn)用牛車，行軍打仗也用牛車。戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的齊將田單，發(fā)明火牛陣，用牛千余頭，在牛角上縛上兵刃，在牛尾上縛葦灌油，以火點(diǎn)燃，沖向敵人，大敗燕軍，乘勝連克七十余城。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">此外，牛皮可制盔甲，牛筋可做弓弦，牛骨可熬制膠，也是制作弓箭的材料，這些都是很重要的軍用物資。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">耕種要用它，占卜、祭祀、運(yùn)輸、打仗、鎮(zhèn)水也必須要用它。毋庸置疑，牛在古代確實(shí)是牛氣沖天，牛得不得了。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">牛在古代受法律保護(hù)</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">正因如此，在古代“六畜”(牛、馬、羊、豬、雞、狗)的排名中，牛穩(wěn)坐第一把交椅。在十二生肖排名中，牛也坐上了第二把交椅。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">牛如此重要，就必須要保護(hù)好它了，而最有效的方法就是法律手段。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">《禮記·王制》載：“諸侯無(wú)故不殺牛?！薄稘h律》載：“不得屠殺少齒，違者棄市。”《唐律疏議》載：“官私馬牛，為用處重，牛為耕稼之本，馬即致遠(yuǎn)供軍，故殺者徒一年半。”在周代，諸侯不得無(wú)故殺牛，漢代不準(zhǔn)殺少壯之牛，唐代殺牛要坐一年半的牢。此后，歷代法律均嚴(yán)禁任意屠宰牛，除非牛年老體衰無(wú)法耕作，牛主人提出申請(qǐng)，經(jīng)官府許可后，才能宰牛。就算是正常死亡的耕牛，牛主人想要出售牛肉，也要到衙門進(jìn)行報(bào)備。</p><p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.33; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">這種待遇，在幾千年農(nóng)耕社會(huì)中，只有牛和馬有資格享受。</p> </div> <div id="pwa7iixe2" class="society-content pxd-cont"> (編輯：安鏡蓉) </div> </div> <div id="pwa7iixe2" class="main-body-right">   <div id="pwa7iixe2" 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